Alaskan tundra Wolf
The Canis lupus tundrarum was identified as a subspecies in 1912 por zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Interior Alaskan Wolf, while others think it is the same as the Mackenzie Valley lobo or the Mackenzie tundra Wolf. The Alaskan tundra lobo shares many characteristics with all three.

HABITAT
The Alaskan tundra lobo resides in the tundra regions along the Arctic coast of northern Alaska.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Alaskan tundra lobo is a large lobo measuring from 50 to 64 in length (nose to end of tail). Its weight can vary in males from 85 to 176 pounds, and in females from 80 to 120 pounds. They are usually seen in light colored to pure white coats, though they also come in dark coats, including black. Their hair is long, though not as long as the European tundra Wolf. They have a heavier dentition than the Interior Alaskan Wolf.

DIET
When possible, it will feed on deer and other ungulates. It also feeds on smaller animais and vegetation.

BREEDING
The dominant male and female of the pack will mate around February. Gestation lasts anywhere from 62 to 75 days. The female usually gives birth to about 4 pups in a den. The pack will assist in raising them.

Alexander Archipelago Wolf
HABITAT
The Alexander Archipelago wolf, also known as the Canis lupus ligoni, is found in coastal southeast Alaska. A large portion of them reside within Alaska's Tongass National Forest. They can be found on the mainland from Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, and on all the major islands in the Alexander Archipelago except Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof.

These islands are but the tops of submerged coastal mountains having steep rugged shorelines. They are densely forested and have an abundance of wildlife. Many of the lobos travel freely between islands, and their ranges may shift significantly over time. This makes it difficult to accurately keep track of their population. This subspecies of lobo is relatively isolated from other lobos por mountains and water barriers.

CHARACTERISTICS
These "island wolves" are small lobos with short hair which is usually either black or another rather dark color. They average about 3 1/2 feet long, 2 feet high, weighing 30 to 50 pounds. Taxonomist Goldman described the Alexander Archipelago lobo as being smaller and having shorter, coarser, and darker hair than lobos in the northern and interior areas of Alaska.


DIET
Alexander Archipelago lobos feed primarily on Sitka black-tailed deer. They will also prey on moose, beaver, mustelids, other small mammals, and birds. Researchers have learned in recent years that some lobo packs also spend a surprising amount of time feeding on salmon.
BREEDING
In southeast Alaska, pups are usually born during the last 2 weeks of April. Dens are usually built 4 to 5 weeks prior to the birth, between the roots of trees, in small caves or crevices in rocks, abandoned castor lodges, or expanded mammal burrows.

STATUS
lobos in Alaska have been under attack since the 1940s. A federal poisoning and aerial shooting campaign began following World War II. por the mid-1950s the government had greatly reduced lobo numbers in much of south central and interior Alaska. While poisoning was banned after statehood in 1959, aerial shooting and bounty payments continued through the 1960s.

After the passage of the Federal Airborne Hunting Act in 1972 and the termination of the bounty, lobo numbers increased. por the mid-1970s hunters demanded state-sponsored lobo control and the Alaska Department of peixe and Game responded with helicopter shooting programs. Considerable public opposition stopped these state-sponsored programs, but land-and-shoot hunting of lobos por private hunters continued through the 1980s into the early 1990s.

The current population of Alexander Archipelago lobos is thought to be between 750 and 1,100.


Arctic Wolf
Able to tolerate years of sub-zero temperatures, up to five months of darkness a year, and weeks without food, the arctic lobo lives in one of the few places on earth where it is seguro from the greatest threat of all - man. Arctic lobos inhabit some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world. In April, the air temperature rarely rises above -22 F. The ground is permanently frozen. The arctic lobo is one of the few mammals that can tolerate these conditions. Details of the animal's life through much of the ano are virtually unknown.

lobos usually live in small packs or family groups consisting of a breeding pair, their pups, and their unmated offspring from the prior several seasons. The dominant, or breeding, pair are known as the alpha male and alpha female. They are respected por the rest of the pack. All adults in the pack cooperate in feeding and caring for the young.

Throughout the Fall and Winter, arctic lobos remain on the move. After mating in March, the pregnant female leaves the pack to find a antro, den to give birth to her pups. She may dig a new one. However, if the ground is frozen, she will be forced to return to an old antro, den in a cave or rock cleft. The pups are born deaf, blind, and helpless. They are totally dependent on their mother, and she in turn relies on her mate to bring her the comida she needs. After a month, the pups are able to eat meat. From then on, the whole pack shares the job of feeding them with regurgitated meat from a kill. The pups may strike out on their own the following year.


The arctic lobo preys on lemmings and arctic hare, but its most substantial fonte of comida is musk oxen and caribou. Because of the scarcity of grazing plants, animais must roam a large area in order to find enough comida to survive.

They will kill virtually any animal they can catch, and eat every part of it, including skin, fur, and bones. The lobos have up to 800 square miles in which to procurar for their prey. When Winter temperatures plummet, the lobos may follow migrating caribou South.

The arctic lobos must hunt together in packs when seeking large prey. The caribou or musk oxen are too powerful for any one lobo to take on alone. por the time the pack approaches a herd of oxen out in the open, the chance of a surprise attack is long gone; the herd has already formed a defensive círculo with the calves in the center. The lobos must then prowl around the herd forcing the oxen to shift their ground to face them. If the lobos are successful, the oxen will scatter. The lobos will then give chase, trying to isolate the young or weak. A musk ox will provide enough comida to last the lobos several days.

The shoulder height of the arctic lobo varies from 25 to 31 inches. On average, they are about 3 feet tall from head to toe. Their body length may vary from 3 to 5 feet (nose to tail). Their as cores may range from red, gray, white and black. The approximate weight of a full grown male is 175 pounds. In captivity, an arctic lobo can live to be over 17 years. However, the average lifespan in the wild is but 7 years.

lobos in general have been under threat throughout history. The arctic lobo is the only subspecies still found over the whole of its original range. This is largely because it rarely encounters humans.

The Baffin Island Wolf
It was not until 1943 that the Baffin Island lobo was recognized as a distinct subspecies por zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson. Its trinomial name Canis lupus manningi was taken from zoologist Thomas Henry Manning, OC who had spent a ano and a half mapping the island.

HABITAT
Baffin Island lobos are found exclusively on Baffin Island and a few small adjacent islands.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Baffin Island lobo is the smallest of all arctic wolves. It has a thick white casaco which makes it appear larger than it actually is.

DIET
Baffin Island lobos are omnivorous creatures and will feed on just about anything if they are hungry enough. However, their major sources of comida are lemmings, barren-ground caribou, and the arctic hare. They often hunt either alone or a male and female together.

STATUS
The Baffin Island lobo is listed as endangered.

Bernard's Wolf
It was not until 1943 that zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson identified the Bernard's Wolf, also known as the Banks Island Wolf, as the subspecies Canis lupus bernardi. An adult male skin and skull of the lobo at the National Museum of Canada had been collected por Peter Bernard. The lobo was named after hunter/explorer/fur trader Peter Bernard and his nephew Joseph Bernard.

HABITAT
The Bernard's lobos reside on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories of Canada. They were previously widespread in the archipelago Victoria, but were annihilated por excessive hunting.

CHARACTERISTICS
They are large wolves, standing up to 4 feet tall and 6 feet long from tip of nose to end of tail. They have long thick white hair with a black stripe down their spine. They can weigh anywhere from 60 to 110 pounds.

STATUS
The last Bernard's lobos seen on Banks Island were in the northwestern regions. During a survey of the southern region of the island taken in March of 1993, no lobos were found, nor were any fresh lobo kills nor lobo tracks seen. The lobos on Victoria Island were killed off between 1918 and 1952.

British Columbian Wolf
The British Columbian lobo was classified as subspecies Canis lupus columbianus in 1941 por senior biologist Edward Goldman.

HABITAT
It was once found in the greater part of British Columbia, parts of Yukon, Alberta, and southwestern Alaska It crossed territories with the Alexander Archipelago lobo and the Cascade Mountain Wolf.

CHARACTERISTICS
Canis lupus columbianus was one of the larger subspecies of the Gray lobos in North America. They weighed between 80-150 pounds, and had long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, or brown. They measured roughly 60 to 70 inches in length. It had similarities to both the Alaskan Interior lobo and the Mackenzie Valley Wolf, though it usually measured smaller than both.

DIET
The British Columbian lobo fed on hares, birds, deer and other ungulates.

STATUS
Hunted to extinction.

Cascade Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Brown Wolf, the Canis lupus fuscus was recognized as a gray lobo subspecies por Sir John Richardson, M.D. in 1839.

HABITAT
At one time, it could be found along the Cascades, from Southwestern Canada down to Northern California.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Cascade Mountain lobo was similar in size to both the Northern Rocky Mountains lobo and the Southern Rocky Mountains Wolf. It was of medium size, averaging 3 feet tall, 4 to 5 feet in length, and 80 to 90 pounds. The "fuscus" in the wolf's latin name refers to its greyish-brown casaco which occasionally would have a touch of red and/or sprinkles of black.

STATUS
Because of government sponsered bounties and the hostility of settlers toward the Cascade Mountain Wolf, it eventually became extinct por 1940.


Canis lupus lycaon, commonly known as the eastern timber wolf, was the first gray lobo subspecies to be identified in North America in 1775. Fairly recent molecular studies have suggested it as being a distinct species of its own, the Canis lycaon. There has not, however, been any official change in classification.

HABITAT
The eastern timber lobo was at one time found as far south as Florida and as far west as Minnesota. It still occupies over 40% of its original range in Canada. However, it is found mainly around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions of southeast Ontario and southwest Quebec in remote, forested areas. Their greatest concentration is in Algonquin Park in Ontario.

Eastern Timber Wolf
The eastern timber lobo does not always make use of shelters except when rearing offspring. Their shelters will always be near a water source. The territory of their pack may cover anywhere from 20 to 120 square miles.

CHARACTERISTICS
Eastern timber lobos come in a variety of as cores from white to grey and from brown to black. They often have a reddish-brown muzzle and lower legs with white, grey, and black on their back. Smaller than the common gray wolf, they weigh anywhere from 50 to 100 lbs. The average adult male weighs 75 lbs. and the average adult female weighs 60 lbs. They measure 5 to 5 1/2 feet in length (tip of nose to end of tail) and 25 to 36 inches in height.


DIET
In the winter, the timber lobo feeds mainly on large animais such as white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and caribou. Other times of the year, its diet will include smaller animais such as rodents and fish.

BREEDING
Eastern timber lobos breed in late winter. Like most other wolves, usually just the dominant male and female of the pack that breed. This helps keep up the strength of the pack. A liter of about five or six pups is born two months later in a den. They are deaf and blind, and weigh about a pound each. Growing several pounds a week, they start seeing at two weeks and hearing at three weeks. At six weeks, the pups are fed solid comida regurgitated por the adults. por the end of the summer, the pups are close to full grown and blend in with the pack.

STATUS
As with other wildlife, human activity is the greatest threat to the eastern timber wolf. They came close to being extinct in the United States in the early 1900s. Today, they survive in only 3 percent of their original habitat in the United States. The only state where they are not listed as endangered is Minnesota where they are listed as threatened.

The Great Plains Wolf
Also known as the buffalo wolf, the Great Plains lobo is the most common subspecies of the gray lobo in the continental United States. It was originally identified as a separate species Canis nubilus por Thomas Say in 1823 and was re-classified as subspecies Canis lupus nubilus in 1841 por Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied.

HABITAT
The Great Plains lobo at one time had the largest range of any subspecies in North America, inhabiting most of the Western United States, southeastern Alaska, and central and northeastern Canada. However, por the 1930s, the subspecies had been almost totally eradicated from the United States. por the mid-1960s, just a few still survived in northeastern Minnesota along the Ontario border. It is currently found in the western Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan and Ontario. The size of the wolf's territory can vary depending on the type and availability of prey.

CHARACTERISTICS
Great Plains lobos vary from 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet long from nose to end of tail, and weigh between 60 and 110 pounds. The female is roughly 80 percent the size of the male. Their casaco is usually a blend of grey, black, brown, buff, or red. They travel in packs of 5 or 6 lobos on average.


DIET
The Great Plains lobo preys on white-tailed deer, moose, snowshoe hare, small birds, and rodents such as beaver.

BREEDING
To maintain the strength of the pack, usually only the alpha male and female reproduce. Mating season usually occurs from early January through late February at such northern climates. Roughly 63 days after mating, the mother will give birth to 4 to 6 pups in a den. They become fully grown in 6 to 8 months and are sexually mature por about 22 months.

STATUS
It was believed the Great Plains lobo had become extinct por 1926. However, later studies showed lobos found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan to be descendants of the Canis lupus nubilus. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species in 1974. Because of being federally protected, their population in Minnesota had become large enough to be reclassified as just threatened in 1978.

por 2009, the number of lobos in the Great Lakes region had climbed to an estimated 2,922 in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan, and 626 in Wisconsin. In response, the peixe and Wildlife Service removed these 4,000 lobos from the endangered species list. As a result, the agency was sued por 5 environmental and animal protection groups and forced to return the lobos to the list - at least temporarily. The peixe and Wildlife Service still believes that the lobos in the western Great Lakes region have met the recovery criteria and don't need to be listed.


The Greenland Wolf
The Greenland lobo has been described as a white to pale colored lobo very similar to the Arctic lobo and resides in Greenland. It was classified as a distinct subspecies in 1935 por British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock.

With that said, there is no available evidence to suggest that the Greenland lobo still exists or ever did. In fact, the validity of the subspecies Canis lupus orion is doubted por many scientists. It seems unlikely that the Greenland lobo has at any time developed subspecies characteristics distinct from its Canadian counterpart. The lighter weight of these lobos in Greenland is very likely due to malnutrition rather than a morphological difference between the Canis lupus orion and high Arctic tundra wolves.

It is generally acknowledged that the Greenland lobos are migrants from Canada (Vibe, 1967), and the documented reports of lobos on the sea ice in both the northern and southern parts of Nares Strait suggest that this migration is frequent and still persists (Dawes, 1978). If the Greenland lobo is an actual subspecies, it is most likely extinct.

The Hudson baía Wolf
Sometimes referred to as the tundra wolf, the Hudson baía lobo was classified as the gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus hudsonicus in 1941 por senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.

HABITAT
They are found in Canada, west of Hudson baía from Northern Manitoba through the Northwest Territories and above, sometimes migrating south in the winter with the caribou herds.

CHARACTERISTICS
Hudson baía lobos are of medium size with body lengths of 4 to 5 feet on average, and measuring from 28 to 36 inches high. Their weight may vary anywhere from 80 to 140 pounds, with females being slightly smaller than males.

They have bushy hair that can vary from a light grey to a yellowish-white or cream color. Their hair seems to be lighter in the winter. They are said to be similar in general to the Mackenzie Valley wolf, only smaller.


DIET
Hunting in packs, they will prey on large ungulates such as caribou, moose and bison. When large prey is not as plentiful, they will also feed on carrion and smaller animals. On average, they require about 10 pounds of meat per day.

BREEDING
Mating usually occurs in the spring between the alpha pair of the pack. Gestation lasts 62 to 65 days, after which the mother gives birth to an average of 4 to 6 pups. They are brown in color and deaf and blind for the first 10 days. After several weeks, they begin to leave the den, but are still breastfed for 2 to 3 months. All members of the pack participate in raising the young. They reach full maturity por 2 years.

STATUS
The status of the Hudson baía lobo has not been evaluated por the IUCN. Though it is considered por many to be endangered. Its lifespan in the wild is approximately 10 years.

The Interior Alaskan Wolf
The Interior Alaskan Wolf, also known as the Yukon Wolf, was classified as the Canis lupus pambasileus in 1905 por zoologist Daniel Elliot. It is among the largest lobos in North America, if not the largest. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Alaskan tundra Wolf.

HABITAT
They are distributed throughout the interior of Alaska and the Yukon, except the tundra region of the arctic coast.

CHARACTERISTICS
Interior Alaskan lobos are usually of a darker color, most often black or black mixed with either brown, gray, or white. They are very large wolves, measuring 5 to 7 feet in length from tip of nose to end of tail. They are at present the largest lobos in North America and possible the world.

DIET
Some of what they feed on are caribou, moose, dall sheep, hares, and ground squirrel.

The Kenai Peninsula Wolf
Kenai Peninsula lobos were the largest lobos in North America before humans drove them to extinction. They were identified as subspecies Canis lupus alces in 1941 por senior biologist Edward Goldman using only skeletal findings.

HABITAT
They inhabited the Kenai Peninsula and adjacent areas in Alaska.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Kenai Peninsula lobo measured from 5 to 7 feet in length (nose to end of tail), 35 to 44 inches shoulder height, and weighed 150 to 200 pounds.

DIET
It fed largely on moose which is how its scientific name Canis lupus alces was derived. It would also feed on other large ungulates.

EXTINCTION
lobos were plentiful on the Kenai Peninsula in the late 1890's. However, the gold rush brought prospectors to the area, and por 1915 lobos were almost completely exterminated por means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. It became extinct por 1925.

The Labrador Wolf
The Labrador lobo was identified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus labradorius por biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. Because of its elusiveness and the vast, rugged land it occupies, it is one of the least studied lobos in the world. Labrador lobos are also rarely photographed in the wild.

HABITAT
They still inhabit nearly all of their historic range in Labrador and Northern Quebec.

CHARACTERISTICS
They are medium size lobos with dark gray to nearly white fur. Similar in general only larger than the Canis lupus lycaon of southwest Quebec and the Great Lakes region.

DIET
Labrador lobos hunt one of the largest herds of caribou in the world. They also prey on moose, musk ox, hares, beaver, and other rodents and fish.

STATUS
Endangered.


The Mackenzie tundra Wolf
Originally identified as subspecies Canis lupus mackenzii in 1943 por Canadian zoologist Rudolph Anderson, the Mackenzie tundra lobo was reclassified in 1992 as being a member of the subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis. It also has similarities to Canis lupus tundarum and Canis lupus pambsileus.

HABITAT
It resides East of the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories of Canada from the arctic coast to south of Great urso Lake. Signs of them have been found as far south as Great Slave Lake.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Canis lupus mackenzii is a medium size wolf, measuring roughly 60 to 65 in in length from nose to end of tail. They can range in color anywhere from white to yellowish white to grey to black or a blend of all of these.

DIET
The main fonte of comida is caribou. They will also feed on rodents and salmon.

STATUS
The Mackenzie tundra lobo is endangered.


The Mackenzie Valley Wolf
The Canis lupus occidentalis which also goes por the Mackenzie Valley wolf, the Alaskan timber wolf, the Canadian timber wolf, or the rocky mountain wolf, was classified as a gray lobo subspecies in 1829 por Sir John Richardson, M.D. It is one of the largest lobo subspecies in North America.

HABITAT
Mackenzie Valley lobos inhabit much of western Canada and Alaska including Unimak Island. In 1995-96, they were brought from Canada to restore populations in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. In Alaska, lobo packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves, though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30. Their territories in Alaska average about 600 square miles. In Yellowstone, pack size averages 9.2 lobos with average territory size of 348 square miles. In Idaho, pack size averages 11.1 with territories averaging 364 square miles.

CHARACTERISTICS
Average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less. The heaviest on record was caught in Alaska in 1939, weighing 175 pounds. Though the guinness book of Animal World Records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds. They measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail. Their long, powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day, and through rough terrain like deep snow. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an hora for short periods of time. Their skull measures about 12 inches long. A combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break bones and bring down large prey.


DIET
The size of Mackenzie Valley lobos is partially due to their large abundance of food. They will prey on wood bison, elk, caribou, musk ox, moose, Dall sheep, Sitka black-tailed deer, mountain goat, beaver, ground squirrel, vole, snowshoe hare, lemmings, and salmon.

BREEDING
Breeding season usually occurs in February. The dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack. Usually 63 days after breeding, 4 to 6 pups are born. They leave the antro, den in 4 to 6 weeks, and por fall, they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack. They become full-grown in 6 to 8 months, and sexually mature at about 22 months.

STATUS
Like most other wolves, human activity (hunting, trapping, etc.) is por far the greatest threat. However, protection given to the Mackenzie Valley lobo has allowed its population to increase drammatically. The lobo population in Alaska was estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 in 2006. lobo population in the northern Rocky Mountains (Greater Yellowstone Area, NW Montana, and Idaho) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing. The U.S. peixe and Wildlife Services has decided to remove the gray lobo from the federal endangered list in the Northern Rockies and the western Great Lakes. Courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list. Legal battles are expected.

The Manitoba Wolf
Though the Manitoba lobo was officially classified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus griseoalbus por zoologist Spencer Baird in 1858, many specialists never recognized it as a separate lobo subspecies. It is also known as the elusive wolf, the Saskatchewan timber wolf, and the grizzly wolf.

HABITAT
They supposedly reside in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland, and the Northwest Territories of Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
Manitoba lobos have been described as large size grey and white wolves. They are believed por many to simply be Hudson baía wolves.

DIET
Their main comida fonte is caribou.

STATUS
If the Manitoba wolf's status isn't the same as the Hudson baía wolf's (which is endangered), then it is probably mais likely to be extinct.

The Mexican Gray Wolf
Until the 1900s, the Mexican gray lobo had ranged throughout Central Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas. Settlers at this time began hunting the wolf's prey, forcing the lobo to turn to feeding on the settler's livestock. This in turn lead to the settlers hunting the wolf.

por the 1950s, the Mexican lobo was virtually wiped out in the United States por private trappers and government agencies. The last wild Mexican lobo known of in the United States was shot in 1970. In 1976, they were listed as endangered. Their number has since been increased through captive breeding, and they have been re-released into the wild, though they are still a very rare mammal in the wild.

When in the wild, the lobo feeds primarily on deer, antelope, rabbits and other small rodents. As the smallest subspecies of gray wolf, the Mexican gray lobo varies in size from 50 to 64 inches long (nose to tail), 24 to 32 inches shoulder height, and weighs from 50 to 90 pounds. It's casaco is usually a blend of black, white, and grey. They form in packs which usually consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Just like the Canis Lupus, all members of the pack help in raising the young.


The Mogollon Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Southwestern lobo or Mogollon Mountain wolf, the Mongollon lobo was classified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus mongolonensis por biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. It was named after the Mogollon Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.

HABITAT
It inhabited Mogollon Plateau region of central of central Arizona, east through the Mogollon Mountains in southeast New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains in central New Mexico.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Mogollon lobo was a small to medium size, slightly smaller than the Texas gray lobo on average, but larger that the Mexican gray.

STATUS
The Mogollon Mountain lobo was driven to extinction por 1935.


The Newfoundland Wolf
The Newfoundland lobo subspecies was not formally described until 1937 por zooligists G. M. Allen and Thomas Barbour, after it had already been led to extinction. Its scientific name Canis lupus beothucus was taken from the Beothuck, the native inhabitants of Newfoundland who were officially declared extinct por 1829.

HABITAT
The Newfoundland lobo lived on the island of Newfoundland off the east coast of Canada. Recent evidence has suggested that the first lobos to inhabit the island may have been there prior to the last ice age, surviving the ice age in refugia, south of the glacial ice sheet.


CHARACTERISTICS
The Newfoundland lobo was a medium to large lobo up to 5.5 feet long (nose to end of tail) and up to 100 pounds. It was said to be white, with a black stripe down its spine.

DIET
Caribou was the principle diet of the Newfoundland wolf. It also fed on beaver, vole, and other Rodentia.

EXTINCTION
Although hunting, trapping, and vigorous predator control methods were used on the Newfoundland wolf, it is believed to have been led to extinction mainly por a sudden comida shortage in the early 1900's when the Newfoundland caribou population drastically dropped from as many as 120,000 to as few as 5,000-6,000. The last wild lobo on the island was shot por 1911. However, it wasn't until 1930 that it was officially listed as extinct.

The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Northern Rocky Mountain lobo was classified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus irremotus in 1937 por senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.

HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Northern Rocky Mountain lobo is a light colored lobo of medium to large size, averaging from 85 to 115 pounds. The largest found on record was 145 pounds.

DIET
bisão, bison made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of bisão, bison were wiped out. So, when the lobos were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.

STATUS
It was removed from the federal list of endangered species in 2008

The Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Southern Rocky Mountain Mountain lobo was classified as a gray lobo subspecies in 1937 por senior biologist Edward A. Goldman. It was given the Latin name Canis lupus youngi in recognition of Stanley P. Young who worked for the U.S. Government in overseeing extermination of the wolf. Go figure.

HABITAT
They were found throughout the Rocky Mountain region from Northern Utah and Southern Wyoming, south through Utah and Western Colorado To Northern Arizona and Northern New Mexico. They then became mais and mais dispersed going west to Central Nevada and as far south as the Providence Mountains in Southern California.

CHARACTERISTICS
In size, they varied from medium to somewhat large, similar to the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf. They were 4 feet to over 5 feet in length, averaging about 90 pounds, though they were found weighing up to 125 pounds. They had light buff colored fur, similar to the Great Plains wolf.

STATUS
The Southern Rocky Mountain lobo officially became extinct in 1935 from excessive hunting, trapping, and poisoning.

The Texas Gray Wolf
The Texas gray lobo was classified as subspecies Canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 por biologist Edward A. Goldman. It became extinct just 5 years later in 1942.

HABITAT
It could once be found from southeastern New Mexico throughout central Texas, all the way down to the Mexican border and into Louisiana.

CHARACTERISTICS
On average, they had a small to medium build. Though they were not quite as small as the Mexican wolf. Most were of a rather dark color, though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white.

DIET
bisão, bison made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of bisão, bison were wiped out. So, when the lobos were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.

STATUS
Though the Texas Gray lobo is considered por many to be a distinct subspecies, other versions of lobo taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either Canis lupus baileyi or Canis lupus nubilus. As stated above, they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies.

The Vancouver Island Wolf
The Vancouver Island lobo was identified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus crassodon por zoologist E. Raymond Hall, PhD. in 1932.

HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Vancouver Island lobo is of medium sized, measuring roughly 26 to 32 inches high, 4 to 5 feet from nose to end of tail, and weighing 65 to 90 pounds. It is usually a mix of grey, brown, and black. Occasionally, they are seen pure white.

DIET
The two principal prey of the Vancouver Island lobo are the Columbian black-tailed deer and the Roosevelt elk. It also feeds on Eastern Cottontail Rabbit which were brought to the island in 1964.

BREEDING
Breeding season for this lobo comes in January.

STATUS
The Vancouver Island lobo disappeared from some surrounding islands like Salt Spring Island in the 1800's. In 1970, they wereadded tothe Canadian Wildlife Federations "Endangered Wildlife in Canada" list. 1973 Vancouver Island's lobo sighting program started with a count of 37 wolves, 1976 Vancouver Island lobo Populations had seemed to rebound with a count of 88 wolves,and in 1977 they were removed from the provincial Threatened and Endangered Species list.

The North American Red Wolf
The red lobo Canis lupus rufus is the only surviving lobo that evolved in North America. It was originally identified in 1851 por naturalists John Audubon and John Bachman as the species Canis rufus, distinct from the gray lobo Canis lupus. However, there is a present dispute between biologists, over whether the red lobo is a true species or a hybrid caused por the interbreeding of coyotes and gray wolves.

In defense of the red wolf's right to claim its own species, though early specimens suggest that it began to interbreed with the coyote Canis latrans around 1900, there is really no evidence that the red lobo originated as a hybrid of the gray lobo and coyote.

A common belief is that the coyote, the gray lobo and Eastern North American lobos all decended from one prehistoric ancestor, the Canis edwardii of the Pleistocene epoch. The Eastern North American lobos are then believed to have evolved into the eastern lobo of today and the red wolf. However, with all that said, the red lobo has been most recently classified in 2005 as the gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus rufus. In addition, Canis edwardii is most recently believed to have evolved into the Canis armbrusteri

HABITAT
Red lobos were once present throughout the southeastern United States from the Atlantic Coast to central Texas and from the Gulf Coast to central Missouri and southern Illinois. It may have occurred as far north as Maine. The red wolf's natural início could vary from 25 to 50 square miles. Any land which provides adequate food, water, and heavy vegetation would provide viable habitat for red wolves.

CHARACTERISTICS
Red lobos are smaller than gray wolves, with a mais slender and elongated head and shorter coarser fur. In comparison to the coyote, they are larger and mais robust with longer legs and larger ears. The red lobo measurements range from 15 to 16 inches shoulder height, 55 to 65 inches in length (nose to end of tail), weighing anywhere from 40 to 90 pounds. Its color is usually mainly brown with blended as cores ranging from cinnamon red to almost black. Light markings above the eyes are also common.


DIET
The red lobo is known to hunt mainly at dusk and/or dawn. They feed mostly on small to medium animais such as grouse, raccoons, rabbits, hares, rodents, carrion and domestic livestock. They also prey on young white-tailed deer when available. Other than prarie chickens, the red lobo very seldom feeds on birds.

BREEDING
Mating season occurs in February and March, and gestation lasts about 60 days. In April or May, an average of 3 to 6 pups are born. They usually remain with pack for 15 to 20 months and reach sexual maturity at about 22 months. Both the mother and father usually mate for life and both participate in rearing their offspring. The direct family is usually what makes up the pack. Their dens are formed around dense vegetation, a river bank, in a hollow árvore stump, or an abandonded antro, den of some other creature.

STATUS
Between 1900 and 1920, red lobos were annihilated from most of the eastern portion of their range por means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. por 1980, the Canis rufus that used to inhabit almost all of the southeastern United States was declared extinct in the wild.

40 red lobos were captured in the late 1970's and of those, 14 were found to be genetically pure and were used for captive breeding. Since 1987, hundreds of red lobos have been reintroduced to the wild. However, they are still seen as unwanted intruders por some people and are hunted down. In addition, the threat of hybridization with the Coyote still exists.


The Florida Red Wolf
The Florida Red lobo was a subspecies of the Canis_rufus which is believed por some to be a direct descendent of Canis edwardii the first North American canine clearly identifiable as a wolf. The Florida Red lobo which was identified as the red lobo subspecies Canis rufus floridus in 1912 por zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller was also known as the Cottontail Red lobo and the Black Wolf. They were usually found either in pairs or small family groups rather than in packs.

HABITAT
The Florida Red lobo is known to have inhabited areas of Maine and Ohio down to Florida and Alabama.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Florida Red lobo weighed from 44 to 88 pounds and measured 26 to 31 inches high at the shoulder. Many of these lobos found in Georgia and Tennesee were black which is where they got the name Black Wolf.

STATUS
The Canis lupus floridanus has been extinct since 1921.

The Swamp Wolf
The Canis lupus gregoryi, also known as the swamp wolf, the Mississippi Valley red wolf, or gregor's red wolf, was identified as a red lobo subspecies in 1937 por Edward A. Goldman. It is believed to be the linking species between the Red lobo and the Florida Red Wolf.

HABITAT
Once inhabited southwestern Indiana, southern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma to southern Mississippi, central Louisiana, and the Big Thicket of southeast Texas.

CHARACTERISTICS
The wolf's face was black and gray, changing to black and reddish yellow on topo, início of its head. The upper parts from the back of the neck to the rump and tail were reddish, mixed or with black. The legs were reddish orange, becoming paler on feet, and a conspicuous black line along external surface of forearm. The ears were reddish brown, mixed with black. Its throat, lips, and chin were white. It has been described as being larger, but mais slender than other red wolves, weighing on average 60 to 70 pounds.

STATUS
Canis rufus gregoryi was declared extinct in the wild por 1970. Though it may be represented in captivity or the reintroduced population in North Carolina.

The Arabian Wolf
Standing approximately 26 inches shoulder height and weighing an average of 40 pounds, the Arabian lobo is the smallest lobo subspecies, yet, the largest canid in Arabia. They have short greyish-beige hair which becomes much longer and thicker in winter. Their ears are large in comparison to the rest of it's body (similar to the maned wolf). Their eyes are naturally yellow with black pupils. However, many are found with brown eyes, revealing that somewhere down the line their ancestors have interbred with feral dogs.

It is endangered in Arabia, and extinct in the United Arab Emerites. Because of a scarcity of food, they are found in packs only during mating season from October to December, or when comida is plentiful. It will kill animais up to the size of a goat, but usually feeds on carrion, small birds, rodents, reptiles and insects. It also eats fruits and plants when meat is scarce. They dig burrows in the sand to protect themselves from the sun, and hunt mainly at night.

The only time that Arabian lobos are known to be territorial is when their pups are born. The litter size can be as large as 12, but is usually only 2 or 3. They are blind at birth and weaned at about eight weeks when the parents start regurgitating comida for them.

The European Gray Wolf
The European lobo Canis lupus lupus, also known as the common gray wolf, was the first identified subspecies of the gray wolf. It was described por Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae, in 1758.
HABITAT
It is present in Eastern and Central europa and Central Asia. It still covers the greatest range among all gray lobo subspecies. The size of their territories depends on the abundance of comida and water. They are very adaptable to different environments.

CHARACTERISTICS
On average, European gray lobos weigh from 70 to 130 pounds and can measure up to 39 inches at shoulder height. They can vary in length from 40 to 65 inches with females about twenty per cent smaller than males. Their pele, peles is known to be shorter and mais dense as compared to the North American wolf. Their as cores range from white, cream, red, grey and black, sometimes with all as cores combined.

DIET
Gray lobos feed on ungulates and rodents, fruits, berries, and fish. Depending on availability of prey, gray lobos may or may not hunt in packs.
BREEDING
Breeding seasons vary from January in low latitudes to April in high latitudes. The female will give birth to 4-7 pups after 61-63 days of gestation. To maintain the strength of the pack, only the dominant pair mate. However, all members of the pack are involved in raising the young.

STATUS
Mortality factors affecting lobos include persecution por humans, killing por other wolves, diseases, parasites, starvation, and injuries por prey. The average lifespan in the wild is between 7 and 10 years.

The Hokkaido Wolf

The Hokkaido lobo or the Canis lupus hattai, formerly known as Canis lupus rex, was also known as the Ezo lobo or Ezoookami. It was classified as a subspecies of the gray lobo in 1931 por Japanese arachnologist Kyukichi Kishida. Hokkaido lobos are descendants from mainland Siberian wolves.


HABITAT
They once inhabited the Japanese island of Hokkaido, Russia's island of Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Kuril islands.

CHARACTERISTICS
As compared to the Honshu Wolf, the Hokkaido lobo mais closely related to the standard gray lobo in size, dimensions, and other characteristics. They were usually a light grey or tannish grey in color.

DIET
The Hokkaido lobo fed mainly on deer, rabbits, and birds.


EXTINCTION
A large number of deer starved to death in 1878 because of a heavy snow, having a great negative affect on the Ezo Wolf. In addition, the lobos were deliberately poisoned with strychnine por farmers who viewed the lobo as a threat to their livestock. A bounty was placed on the lobo which officially became extinct in 1889.

Since then, there have been people claiming to see the Ezo Wolf. However, none of these sightings have been verified.

The Honshu Wolf
The Honshu lobo was identified in 1839 as the gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus hodophilax por Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck. It was also known as the Hondo wolf, the yamainu, and the mountain dog.

HABITAT
It lived on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu primarily in remote mountain areas.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Honshu lobo was the world's smallest wolf, standing just over a foot at the shoulder and measuring 35 inches from nose to end of the tail. They had short wiry hair and a thin dog-like tail that was rounded at the end. Their legs were shorter in relation to their body length. In many ways, it resembled dogs, coyotes and jackals much mais so than its Siberian lobo ancestors.

Although it is presently classified as a gray lobo subspecies, many argue that its physical differences are enough to consider the Honshu lobo to be its own species. Some believe it may not have even been a true wolf.


DIET
The Honshu lobo was known to have preyed on deer, wild boar, and smaller pests. Farmers praised the lobo for keeping down the number of animais that might otherwise damage their crops.
EXTINCTION
Honshu lobos were abundant in Japão until 1732 when rabies was introduced to the island. It was rabies, deforestation of the wolf's habitat, and and conflict with humans that led to their extinction. The last specimen was officially killed in 1905 in Nara Prefecture on Honshu Island, Japan. Although there have been many sightings claimed since then, none of them have been verified. There are five mounted specimens known of today; three in Japan, one in the Netherlands, and the last officially killed specimen in a British Museum.

The Iberian Wolf
The grey lobo subspecies Canis lupus signatus was idenified por Spanish zoologizt Angelus Cabrera in 1907. Though many taxonomists do not recognize it, genetic work por biologist Robert Wayne of UCLA suggests that it is a true subspecies.

HABITAT
The Iberian lobo inhabits the forests and plains of the northwestern part of Spain, the northeastern topo, início of Portugal, and a few isolated areas in the Sierra Morena, Spain. Over 50 percent of the Iberian lobos reside in Northern Castilla y Len.

CHARACTERISTICS
Iberian lobos are of medium size with a thinner build than the average Eurasian wolf. Males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males. Their casaco will vary in color from a lighter grey or ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter. The name signatus (meaning marked) was derived from white marks on the wolf's upper lips, and dark marks on the tail and front legs.

DIET
The Iberian wolf's diet will greatly vary depending on exactly where they are. lobos of Cantabria may feed on red deer, roe deer, and wild javali while the lobos of Galicia will feed partially on remains from chicken and pig farms. The lobos of Castilla y Len are believed to feed largely on rabbits. Overall, their main fonte of nuitrition comes from livestock. Much of this livestock used to be carrion. However, since the banning of leaving dead animais in the field because of the fear of mad cow's disease, the lobos have turned to killing mais ovelha, ovelhas and cows.


BREEDING
Like most other gray wolves, Iberian lobos breed only the alpha male and female in order to maintain the strength of the pack. Female lobos can usually begin breeding at one year, but don't fully mature until they reach 5 years. Breeding season is at the end of winter. The liter is usually 5 or 6 pups that are looked after por the entire pack until autumn when they cadastrar-se in with the others. They must be protected from eagle owls and golden eagles for the first few weeks.


STATUS
The Iberian lobo once inhabited the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula. However throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the lobos of Spain became officially recognized as pests por the Spanish government who offered a bounty for dead wolves. The wolves' number decreased to as few as 400 to 500 and they were classified as endangered.

Hunting of lobos has since been banned in Portugal and many parts of Spain. Their number has been estimated at about 2,000 in Spain and another 400 in Portugal. Their no geral, global state has upgraded from endangered to vulnerable. However, the lobos of Sierra Morena are classified as critically endangered, and the Extremaduran populations are believed to be extinct. lobos have over the years become very wary of people, and actual sightings of lobos in the wild are, therefore, rare.

The Iranian Wolf
The Iranian lobo was identified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus pallipes in 1931 por ornithologist William Henry Sykes. Because of their overlapping habitat and physical similarities, the Iranian lobo and Indian lobo were for a long time recognized as one and the same.

HABITAT
The habitat of Iranian lobos varies from arid desert regions to dense scrub forests. They can be found in the Middle East and Southwest Asia; mais specifically, Northern Israel, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Turkey Pakistan, and Iran.

CHARACTERISTICS
Because of such a variation between habitats, there is likewise a great variation in physical features and lifestyle among this one subspecies of wolf. Like the Indian wolf, Iranian lobos are smaller than lobos of Northern europa and North America. Iranian lobos vary from 25 to 40 inches in height, and weigh from 55 to 70 pounds. Because of the drier and harsher climate, their pele, peles is a short light-grey with either little or no undercoat. Just like many other creatures of the desert, Iranian lobos have large ears to disperse body heat.


DIET
Iranian lobos may be found in packs of 5 to 15. lobos in harsher climates may hunt in pairs or even individually, depending on availability of prey. They feed on a number of small mammals such as rats, squirrels, mongooses, and ground birds such as partridges, quails, jungle fowl, and lapwings.

BREEDING
Mating occurs during winter. To help maintain the strength of the pack, just the dominant pair mates. The mother usually gives birth to 3 to 5 pups. Both the male and female look after pups until they are 6 months old.

STATUS
Iranian lobos are forced to share their habitat and prey with an encroaching human population. They are viewed as a threat por many people. Just like the Arabian wolf, the Iranian lobo is threatened por interbreeding with domestic dogs. Its life span is from 16 to 20 years in captivity, and 8 to15 years in the wild.

The Italian Wolf
The Italian Wolf, also known as the Apennine Wolf, was originally described in 1921 as subspecies Canis lupus italicus of the common grey lobo por Italian zoologist Joseph Altobello. However, in 1999 it was recognized as a species distinct from Canis lupus. There is presently a dispute over whether the Canis lupus italicus is a grey lobo subspecies or an actual species of its own, Canis italicus.

HABITAT
The Italian lobo is found mainly in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. They have been found dwelling within 25 miles of Rome. Semi-recently, they have implanted themselves in Southern France, and areas of Switzerland.

CHARACTERISTICS
por grey lobo standards, the Italian lobo is considered a medium sized subspecies. Their body size varies from 39 to 55 inches in length and weighs 53 to 88 pounds. Females are roughly 10 percent smaller than males. Italian lobos are usually a mix of grey and brown. Though rarely seen, black lobos have been sighted in the Mugello region and the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.

DIET
Italian lobos are known to hunt at night, feeding mainly on both medium and small sized animais such as wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, chamois, elk, hares, and rabbits. They will also feed on plants, berries, and herbs for fiber. When around the suburb, lobos will feed on garbage, livestock and domestic animals.

Because of the rarity of large prey, lobo packs in Italy are often smaller, comprised of just a reproducing pair and a few young.


BREEDING
Young lobos usually stay with their birth family until they are old enough to start their own family. Mating season usually occurs around the middle of March. Gestation will then last for 60 days, after which the mother gives birth to anywhere from 2 to 7 pups.

STATUS
por the end of the 1920's, lobos throughout the alps and Sicily were annihilated. Their number was also severely reduced in the Appennine regions, all from fierce persecutions. The lobo population in Italy continued to decrease until the early 1970's when Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen took on a study of the lobo in the Abruzzo Mountains, east of Rome. As a result, the World Conservation Union expressed great interest in the wolf, listing it in the IUCN's Red Data Book of endangered species. The italian lobo population in the wild has since increased to between 500 and 600 and is estimated to be growing por 7 percent annually.

Their largest apparent threat at present is a large number of wolf-dog hybrids altering the genetic integrity of the Italian wolf. A captive breeding program has been started por biologists. However, further controls on the number of domestic cachorros are badly needed.

The Steppe Wolf
The steppe lobo was classified as gray lobo subspecies Canis lupus campestris in 1804 por Russian scientist Ivan Dwigubski. It is also known as the Caspian Sea lobo and the Caucasian wolf. Most taxonomists recognize the Canis lupus campestris, Canis lupus bactrianus, Canis lupus cubanensis, and the Canis lupus desertorum as being one and the same subspecies. The steppe lobo is commonly mistaken as being Canis lupus chanco which is the Tibetan lobo or Mongolian wolf.


HABITAT
The historic range of the steppe lobo is in the countries surrounding the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. Today, it exists only in a remote area in the extreme south-western portion of Russia that borders the northern half of the Caspian Sea.

CHARACTERISTICS
Steppe lobos usually come in desert as cores to blend into their surroundings. They are not white as are many mais northerly Siberian wolves. Caspian sea lobos usually weigh up to 88 pounds, having short coats that display shades of gray with rust or brown and black hairs over their back with a poorly furred tail.


DIET
They eat almost every animal they can catch. lobos usually hunt in packs, but the steppe lobo will hunt on its own when comida (especially large prey) is scarce. The steppe lobo usually feeds on herd animals, rodents, and fish. When comida is scarce, it may also eat berries and other fruits.



Though they usually eat almost every animal they can catch, both packs and lone steppe lobos have been known to occasionally kill mais than they are capable of feeding on, especially Caspian seals. They are also liable to hunt domestic animais of nomadic families at any time dia or night. They hunt when they are hungry but if they are not successful they can go without comida for several weeks.

BREEDING
Like most other wolves, mating is usually between the dominant pair of the pack. Breeding usually occurs between January and April. After about 63 days, the mother will give birth to 4 to 7 pups which the entire pack usually takes part in raising.

STATUS
The Canis lupus campestris has been hunted as a nuisance for years. It is listed as endangered in the Mongolian Red List of Mamals (2007), and can now only be found in a far south-western part of Russia along the Caspian Sea.

The Tibetan Wolf
The Canis lupus chanco was identified as a subspecies of the gray lobo in 1863 por British zoologist John Edward Gray. It is also known as the Canis lupus chance, Canis lupsu laniger, the Tibetan wolf, Mongolian wolf, and Chinese wolf. For a long time, the Tibetan lobo and the Himalayan lobo were recognized as one and the same. However, recent genetic studies suggest the Himalayan lobo to be a distinct species, the Canis himalayensis.

HABITAT
The Tibetan lobo can be found in central China, the Manschurai, the jungles and deserts of Mongolia, North Sikkim, Tibet, south-western Russia, the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan.

CHARACTERISTICS
The size of the Tibetan lobos can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. Compared to the common European wolf, they are slightly larger, with shorter legs. Their skull is similar with a longer thinner muzzle. This "wooly wolf" has a long shaggy casaco which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black.


DIET
The Tibetan lobo is an amazing hunter with excellent survival skills. It is known to hunt both during the dia and at night either alone or in packs. Its preferred prey includes deer, blue sheep, and other large mammals. When comida becomes scarce, it will feed on smaller animais like marmots, hares, ground squirrel, and mice. When hunting, the lobo can reach speeds up to 40 mph.

BREEDING
The Tibetan lobo reaches sexual maturity in it's segundo year. Breeding season usually occurs in the Spring. To maintain strength of the pack, only the dominant male and female breed. Two months later, four to six pups are born weighing roughly one pound each. At three to four weeks they will leave the den. They are nurtured por their mother for two to three months after which they begin to tag along with their parents hunting.. In the wild, they live anywhere from six to ten years. They can long as twenty years in captivity.

STATUS
Endangered, Schedule I, (1991).

The tundra Wolf
The tundra lobo Canis lupus albus is one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It was classified as a subspecies por Robert Kerr in 1792.

HABITAT
The tundra lobo can be found throughout Northern europa and Asia from Northern Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula, from the far north of Russia into the Arctic. They primarily reside in the northern arctic and boreal regions of Russia roughly between 65 and 71 degrees latitude.Although they were eliminated from some of the Arctic islands north of Siberia, they have been recently seen on Wrangle Island.

CHARACTERISTICS
The tundra lobo can measure up to 7 feet in length from nose to end of tail. There have been unconfirmed reports of some weighing as much as 220 pounds. However, on average, tundra lobos weigh from 100 to 125 pounds. Their height can be anywhere from 28 to 38 inches.

Most have coats that are a combination of grey, black, rust, and silver grey. They are known to have long thick coats with dense underfur, and are often hunted for them. The average life span is approximately 16 years.


DIET
They primarily prey on large mammals like deer, wapiti, moose, caribou, bison, musk ox and mountain sheep. Because catching large animais is not a daily occurrence, an adult tundra lobo may eat up to 20 pounds in one feeding. Contrary to the belief that lobos target mainly infirm creatures, research of lobos in Eurasia has shown that in some cases, up to 93% of their targeted prey have no physical or mental hindrance.

BREEDING
Breeding season is usually late March through April, reasonably later in the ano than for most lobos because of the high latitude of the tundra lobos habitat. During this time, females are in heat for 5 to 15 days. After mating, gestation period for the female is 62 to 63 days, after which she gives birth to usually between 2 and 6 pups.

STATUS
Like many other species, the tundra Wolf's greatest enemies are loggers and hunters. In Russia and a number of former Soviet states, lobos can still be killed in any number without a permit, at any time of the year, using whatever methods are handy. Regional governments and hunting societies have even offered bounties of up to $190 for each lobo slain.

lobos have long symbolized treachery in Russian folk tales, and lobo hunting has been part of village culture for centuries. These attitudes are still well-entrenched. tundra lobos have only recently been seen on Wrangle Island after having been totally eliminated from a number of the Arctic Islands north of Siberia. They have been classed as 'Least Concern'.

The Egyptian Jackal
W.F. Hemprich and C.G. Ehrenberg first recognized the Egyptian jackal's similarity to the Canis lupus in 1833. Hence, it was given the name Canis lupaster. As early as 1880, biologist Thomas Huxley stated that the Egyptian jackal looked suspiciously like a gray wolf. It has most recently been classed as a subspecies of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus lupaster in 1926 por Ernst Schwarz.

Fairly recent studies of this Egyptian jackal have shown morphological differences from other subspecies and features that relate it mais to the Canis lupus species. However, because data from the studies was very scarce, the conclusion was to retain the Egyptian Jackal as a Canis aureus subspecies. Should it ever be found to be a Canis lupus subspecies, it will be the only gray lobo known to be in Africa.

HABITAT
The Canis aureus lupaster also known as Egyptian lobos can be found only in Northern Egypt, the Ethiopian highlands, and Northeastern Libya. It's possible that they might still be in Saudi Arabia, but hunting has drastically reduced their numbers.

CHARACTERISTICS
Appearing large for a jackal, the Egyptian lobo measures from 51 to 64 inches in length from tip of it's nose to end of it's tail, stands 16 to 20 inches at shoulder height and weighs anywhere from 22 to 35 pounds. It is rather thin with a casaco which is usually tinged gray, beige or a dirty yellow. It is often discribed as lanky and might appear as reasonalbly heavier than it's actual weight. It is larger and longer limbed than other subspecies of the Jackal, though smaller than the Arabian Wolf.


These lobos are por and large nocturnal. Like other dogs, they'll usually bark when excited or growl when irritated. They often bark when excited and growl when annoyed. They usually howl and or yelp calling out to each other just after dark and just before sunrise. They'll give an occasional bark. They are very sociable and usually live in either packs or mais often pairs.

DIET
The Egyptian jackal is an omnivorous creature, feeding on everything from insects, snails, fish, chickens, young goats, sheep, birds and carrion as well as melons and corn.

BREEDING
Mating occurs in early Spring, with a gestation of about two months. They will usually have about four or five pups. Though, they have on record had as many as eight.

STATUS
It had been listed as critically endangered por the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Then suddenly in January of 2011, it was no longer listed anywhere por the IUCN. There may be no mais than forty in the world.

The Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian wolf, also known the Abyssinian lobo or Simien Jackal, is believed por some scientists not to be a true wolf. However, DNA studies show it to be mais closely related to gray lobos and coyotes than to any other African canines. It is the most endangered canine species in Africa, and, among wolves, its rarity is segundo only to the red wolf.

It inhabits only a few mountain pockets of the Ethiopian highlands. There is believed to be fewer than 450 alive in the wild. The largest concentration of Ethiopian lobos exist in the Bale Mountains National Park. The people living in the Bale Mountains own on average 2 cachorros per household in order to protect their livestock. Although the wolves' habitat has constantly dwindled as a result of human encroachment, its greatest threat of extinction is a recurring epidemic of rabies which is transmitted from domestic cachorros with whom the lobos compete for food.

The Ethiopian lobo has long legs and a long muzzle, resembling the coyote in both shape and size. It has a distinctive reddish casaco with a white throat, chest, and underparts, broad pointed ears, and a thick bushy black tail with a white base. It ranges in size from 43 to 55 inches (tip of nose to end of tail) and weighs from 24 to 42 pounds.

por nature, the Ethiopian lobo hunts por day, but it is found to sometimes be nocturnal in areas where it is persecuted. Though they live in packs which share and defend their territories, they almost always hunt alone. Rodents make up over 90% of their diet, but they occasionally feed on small antelopes, hares, and hyraxes.

Breeding season usually occurs between August and November. During breeding season and pregnancy, the female's casaco turns a pale yellowish color and her tail turns brownish and loses hair. The dominant female of the pack gives birth to a litter of 2 to 7 pups between October and January. Full maturity is reached at 2 years.

The only real predators other than humans are spotted hyenas and tawny eagles that occasionally prey on unattended pups. Life span in the wild is about 8 to 10 years.

The Indian Wolf
For a long time, it was believed that the Indian lobo was a gray lobo subspecies and was recognized as the Canis lupus pallipes, the same as the Iranian Wolf. However, recent genetic research suggests that the Indian lobo has not cross-bred with any other subspecies in over 400,000 years which would make it a separate species of it's own, the Canis indica. The Canis lupus pallipes would then refer to the lobos from the Arabian peninsula, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, but not India.

HABITAT
The Indian lobo is adapted to scrublands, grasslands, and semi-arid pastoral environments. It is found mainly in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its territories range from 100 to 150 square miles. Much of t